Published on 08 December 2025
Uterine fibroids are benign growths that develop in or on the uterus (also known as the womb). They’re surprisingly common, and yet - many people don’t realise how deeply they can affect daily life. Beyond the physical symptoms, which can be disruptive and exhausting, fibroids can also take a significant toll on your mental health.
This article explores both sides; what fibroids are and how they change your body as well as the mental health impact – along with practical steps to find relief and support.
What are uterine fibroids?
Fibroids (also called leiomyomas or myomas) are benign tumours made of muscle and fibrous tissue. They vary in number and size, from a single pea-sized nodule to multiple growths that can enlarge the uterus. Fibroids are usually benign growths, but it’s important to rule out rapidly growing fibroid sarcomatous (cancerous changes).
What are the different types of fibroids?
Intramural
Intramural fibroids are the most common type of fibroid. They grow within the muscular wall of the uterus.
Submucosal
Submucosal fibroids grow into the cavity of the uterus. Even small ones can cause heavy bleeding and fertility issues.
Subserosal
Subserosal fibroids grow on the outside surface of the uterus. These are more likely to cause pelvic pressure.
Subserous and submucous fibroids can also be attached to the lining of the uterus by a stalk.
Who is most likely to develop uterine fibroids?
According to the NHS website, there are no confirmed risk factors for developing fibroids. However, they’re more common in women of child-bearing age. A family history of fibroids, your ethnicity, and being overweight or obese can also increase the risk of developing fibroids.
The physical impact of fibroids: symptoms and changes in the body
It is important to note that not everyone with fibroids will experience all (or any) of these symptoms. Often fibroids cause no symptoms and are discovered during routine exams. However, common physical effects can include:
Heavy or prolonged periods
Heavy periods, also known as menorrhagia, can lead to anaemia, iron deficiency, fatigue, and dizziness.
Flooding - which is where you bleed through your clothes or bedding - and passing large clots can be distressing and unpredictable, impacting work, social plans, and exercise.
Pelvic pain and pressure
- A feeling of fullness or weight in the lower abdomen
- Cramping or dull aches between periods
- Pain during sex (dyspareunia)
Weight gain, bloating and abdominal enlargement
Apart from weight gain caused by the mass of the fibroid, the abdomen may look or feel swollen, and your clothes can feel tighter giving the perception of putting on weight.
Bladder and bowel changes
You might experience bladder problems, such as increased urinary frequency or urgency if fibroids press on the bladder as well as constipation or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on the rectum.
Back and leg pain
Larger fibroids can grow outside the uterus and press on nerves, causing lower back pain or sciatic-like symptoms.
Impact on fertility and pregnancy
Fertility can be affected when fibroids distort the uterine cavity or interfere with embryo implantation.
During pregnancy, fibroids may cause problems with the development of the baby, abdominal pain during pregnancy or premature labour.
The emotional and mental health effects of fibroids
The emotional impact of fibroids is real, and often under-recognised. Some of the psychological effects of fibroids are:
Anxiety and uncertainty
As well as unpredictable bleeding and pain, which can create worries such as “Will I leak at work?” or “Will my plans be derailed?”, uncertainty around test results and treatment choices can heighten worry.
Low mood and fatigue
Chronic pain and anaemia sap energy, which can contribute to low mood, brain fog, and reduced motivation. You might also get caught in a cycle of cancelling plans or avoiding activities, which can also heighten feelings of isolation.
Body image and self-esteem
Abdominal enlargement, weight fluctuations, and bloating can affect your self-confidence.
Relationship and intimacy strain
Pain during sex, mood changes, and fatigue can impact relationships. Open communication and education are key. If your partner is unsure of how to support you, help is available. Visit the Wellbeing of Women website for more information.
Fertility anxiety and grief
Concerns about conception and pregnancy outcomes can lead to grief and stress around fertility timelines.
How are fibroids diagnosed?
If you suspect fibroids, speak to your NHS GP or book an appointment with one of our Private GPs or Consultant Gynaecologists. They may carry out the following as part of a diagnosis:
- Pelvic examination
- Ultrasound (transvaginal or transabdominal) to check the size and location of the fibroids
- MRI scan to produce more detailed images of the uterus and may be required depending on your symptoms and the results of the ultrasound
- Blood tests to check for anaemia if you’re experiencing heavy bleeding
What are the treatment options for fibroids?
Treatment is tailored to your symptoms, the size and location of fibroids and what is important to you (e.g. preserving fertility). Options typically fall into four categories:
Keeping an eye on symptoms
- This is most appropriate when fibroids are small and asymptomatic
- Periodic monitoring to watch for growth or new symptoms
Medication
- Hormonal therapies, including combined oral contraceptives, progestins or an IUD such as the Mirena coil
- Tranexamic acid to reduce menstrual bleeding
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) to help with pain and cramps
Other non-surgical procedures
- Uterine artery embolisation (UAE) which blocks the blood supply to fibroids, causing them to shrink. This preserves the uterus but may affect your fertility in the future
Surgical options
Myomectomy
A myomectomy removes fibroids while preserving the uterus. This is usually the preferred option if you want to preserve your fertility.
Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy removes the uterus and is seen as the definitive solution to fibroids. However, this surgery isn’t suitable if you want to get pregnant.
Which option is right for me?
What’s right for you will depend on the severity of your symptoms, your age, whether you want to get pregnant and the characteristics of the fibroids. Our expert Consultant Gynaecologists can talk you through the options available.
How do I manage the symptoms of fibroids?
While you explore medical options, these practical strategies can help:
Look after your physical health
If you’re experiencing heavy bleeding, consider iron-rich foods such as leafy greens, beans and lean meats, or supplements (please consult your GP before starting supplements).
Yoga, walking, or low-impact exercise can ease pelvic pressure and improve mood. And a heating pad can relieve cramps and back pain.
Improve your diet
Focus on foods with anti-inflammatory properties such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, omega-3s (e.g. oily fish), nuts and seeds. Limit alcohol and smoking where possible.
Ask for help
It’s important to share what you’re experiencing with trusted friends, family, or your partner.
If this is not possible, seek advice from your NHS GP, our Private GPs, or a mental health expert. Cognitive behavioural therapy can help manage pain-related anxiety and rumination. You could also join a patient community, support group, or online forum.
When to seek medical help
Consider booking an appointment if you experience:
- Heavy bleeding that soaks through pads/tampons hourly or lasts longer than seven days
- Pelvic pain that interferes with daily life
- Symptoms of anaemia (extreme fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin)
- Difficulty getting pregnant or recurrent pregnancy loss
- New or rapidly worsening symptoms, or a sudden sharp pain
Women's health support at Benenden Hospital
We’re experts in women’s health and offer a range of private gynaecology treatments in a discreet, supportive environment. Book your initial consultation online or by calling our Private Patient team on 01580 363158.
For more information, request a callback by completing our online enquiry form or get in touch via Livechat.